The Indonesian Embassy in Beirut has acknowledged its continued support for trade cooperation improvement between Indonesia and Lebanon. Indonesian Ambassador to Lebanon Hajriyanto Y Thohari gave the Primaduta Award to Lebanese businessman and importer, George R Fattouh. The award was given for his service in helping market Indonesian products in Paris from the Middle East. The award was given at a ceremony at the Indonesian Embassy in Beirut, Thursday (11/1) Fatough, is the owner of George R. Fattouh S.A.L, a business that has been importing Indonesian products since the 1980s. It has a range of products, including: palm oil and its derivatives, oil and fats (including cocoa butter substitute, fat spread, hydrogenated palm kernel oil, and lauric confectionery fats), cardboard, stationary, and school equipment. Some Indonesian products are now even available at famous retail networks, such as Spinney’s and Carrefour. In 2022, the value imported by George R. Fattough S.A.L of Indonesian products, was 981.3 million USD. This was a 149.5 million USD increase when compared to 2021. Fattouh said Indonesian products are known for their quality and are in high demand in Lebanese markets. However, he said, the challenge now is increasing freight costs due to security challenges in the region.
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Listeners, a number of delicious dishes were served to the guests of Dhaup Ageng Pura Pakualaman Yogyakarta, at the wedding reception of the youngest son of K.G.P.A.A. Paku Alam X, namely B.P.H. Kusumo Kuntonugroho with Laily Annisa Kusumastuti which was held on January 10, 2024.Head of the Customs and Accommodation Division, Dhaup Ageng Pura Pakualaman, KRT Radyo Wisroyo said that the menu served to guests was quite varied. These menus are typical menus prepared by Pakualaman Pura, Indonesian menus and western food menus were also available. All invited guests including VIP and VVIP guests got the same menu. The first menu served to welcome guests, namely two types of welcome drink, namely lime lemongrass and ginger drink with lime. The welcome drink was given when guests sat down and watched the Bedhaya Sidamukti and Bedhaya Kakung Indrawidagda dance performances. Next, they gotsnacks for appetizer such as croquettes and other light snacks. There is a snack that is considered quite special and rare called Garulina. Garulina was the opening snack at the Pahargyan Dhaup Ageng Pakualaman lunch on the first day. Garulina has been around since the era before Indonesian independence. Garulina is actually not a typical Central Javanese food. It looks like the Lapis Legit layered cake, but there is something different, because there is a special layer like vla which is made from fresh milk, eggs and sugar. To get this sweet snack, Pakulaman Temple has to place a special order from the third generation of makers who have been pioneering since the 1950s. In Jogja, Garulina is very difficult to find and is considered rare because it is not sold every day.
ViewLabuan Bajo became an attraction at the Southeast European tourism exhibition event of Belgrade International Tourism Fair which was held in Belgrade, Serbia, February 20-23, 2020. Indonesian Embassy in Belgrade collaborated with the Labuan Bajo Flores of Authority's Implementing Agency to promote Labuan Bajo at Belgrade International Tourism fair which is held every year presented around 900 exhibitors from 40 countries and visited by around 65,000 visitors. Secretary of Economic Function of the Indonesian Embassy in Belgrade, Tri Aryadi to Antara London on Sunday (23/2) explained that the participation of the Indonesian Embassy in Belgrade in this exhibition was one of the priority programs in 2020. For visitors and travel agents in Serbia, information about Labuan Bajo is new thing to the people who have only known Bali all this time, which is still a favorite destination for Serbian tourists.
Indonesia collaborated with provincial government of Dakahlia held "Indonesia-Egypt Cultural Day" at the Mansoura City Public Library, Dakahlia, Egypt (20/02/2020). The activity was enlivened by exhibitions of Indonesian and Egyptian products and handicrafts, tourism exhibitions, art and cultural performances, and bilateral meetings between local government officials and the Indonesian Embassy in Cairo. Cairo's Educational and Cultural Attachment Usman Syihab, representing the Indonesian Ambassador toEgypt Helmy Fauzy explained that Indonesia and Egypt have very close relations long before Indonesia's independence. He hopes the activity will produce concrete result in strengthening relations between the two countries in the present and the future, in introducing particularly to Egyptian youth about Indonesian culture which is very rich and diversed.
Micro and Small Medium Enterprises (UMKM) busines players in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) are continuously encouraged to improve the quality of products to target the market in the United States. It was said by Governor of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), H Zulkieflimansyah, when opening the craftsman training or Small and Medium Enterprises in NTB that cooperated with the Indonesian Consulate General in New York, United States, in Mataram, Monday. Zulkieflimansyah hopes that the training will improve the human resources of the craftsmen of Small and Medium Enterprises. So, they improve their quality to explore the market in the United States.
Indonesian embassy in Phnom Penh, Cambodia conducted "KBRI Goes to School” program to introduce the wealth of Indonesian culture and language at Auditorium of Sisowath High School on Saturday (22/2). First Secretary of Social and Culture Information Function of the Indonesian embassy in Phnom Penh, Made Santi Ratnasari gave a presentation on Indonesia, including information of Indonesian scholarship. The event was continued by learning Indonesian language which was packaged with fun games and attractive entertainment prizes. After learning the Indonesian language, art team of Indonesian Cultural Center in Cambodia also performed at the event. A lively welcome of students welcomed the art team which played Angklung to accompany Indonesian and Cambodian songs, namely Gundul Gundul Pacul and Cambodian popular songs, Om Teuk. The event was closed with Angklung Workshop which was participated enthusiastically. Indonesia always participates in National Multicultural Festival which is the biggest international festival in Canberra, Australia. The festival which was conducted on Saturday (22/2) amazed more than 300 thousand visitors who are Australian residents and foreign residents who live in Canberra. This year, Indonesia presented Barong dance of Bali amidst the performance of 10 Southeast Asian countries on ASEAN Village stage. On the main stage, Indonesia presented two Balinese contemporary ethnic dances and this was followed by Barong dance which was greeted by standing ovation of thousands of audiences. In addition, there was Indonesia stand which displayed an expo covering three Indonesian main products, namely tourism destination products with the theme 10 New Bali, arts and handicrafts exhibition, and Indonesian trademarks which have entered Australian markets, both from small and medium enterprises. Indonesian embassy in Copenhagen cooperated with Tourism and Creative Economy Ministry to participate in tourism exhibition of Danish Travel Show which was held in Herning, Denmark on February 21-23, 2020. Various kinds of Indonesian tourism packages were offered, and also various culinary and traditional dances were promoted. Tourism trip packages of Kalimantan and Papua were in demand at Danish Travel Show 2020. Lars Faursholt, travel specialist of Denmark who joined in Indonesia’s pavilion, offered an exclusive package by inviting visitors to conduct tour to Papua to know more cultures of Dani tribe and enjoyed Baliem Wamena Valley Festival. Meanwhile in Kalimantan, the visitors were invited to know Dayak tribe and to see closer orangutan at its natural habitat. The trip packages were sold out on the first day to visit in August 2020.
President Joko Widodo wanted a resilient basketball national team to be formed in a bid to face the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup. Chairing a limited meeting related to the Preparation for the Implementation of the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup in the State Palace in Jakarta on Tuesday18/2), he explained that the Organizing Committee (OC) of the FIBA Basketball World Cup in 2023 will be formed soon after Indonesia was officially designated as the host of the event. President Joko Widodo wants that everything from budget planning, pre-event activities, including health security and security, is ready to welcome the event. Through this event, Indonesia promotes its new face in the sector of tourism. The president also requested that the venue to be used is well prepared in accordance with the standards set by FIBA. The preparations also include dressing room seating, a wooden match court, hospitality space, an internet network, and other services. Newly paired men's pair: Mohammad Ahsan / Fajar Alfian were the decisive winners of the Indonesian men's team over Malaysia in the final of the Badminton Asia Team Championships 2020 in Manila, the Philippines on Sunday (16/2), as well as bringing Indonesia to win the Asian team championship for the third time, after 2016 and 2018. Both Ahsan and Fajar who appeared in the fourth party defeated Ong Yew Sin / Teo Ee Yi with two straight games 21-18, 21-17. It was reported that the results of the Badminton World Federation made Indonesia win 3-1 over Malaysia in the final round. Thanks to the victory of Ahsan / Fajar. Indonesia does not need to lose a player in the fifth party filled by Shesar Hiren Rhustavito who was previously scheduled to face the pair: Leong Jun Hao. The Indonesian badminton women's team qualifies for the 2020 Uber Cup finals which will take place in Aarhus, Denmark in May along with the men's team that tops the list of top Asian teams and won the Asian Badminton Team Championships in BATC 2020. As many as 16 countries will compete in the 2020 Uber Cup, namely Japan as the defending champion, Denmark as the host, and the four best teams at BATC 2020 will also qualify, namely Japan, South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia. Because Japan has entered as a defending champion, its position was replaced by China. Although withdrawing from BATC 2020, in terms of ranking, China became the most superior country in Asia. Four slots from Europe are secured by France, Germany, Scotland and Russia. Meanwhile, Three slots from Oceania, Pan America and Africa were respectively taken by Australia, Canada and Egypt. Three more slots were obtained by Indonesia, Taiwan and India based on the world’s ranking calculations. According to Indonesian Team Contingent Chairman, Achmad Budiharto in the PB PBSI website report on Monday (17.2), his side had to fight even harder, especially in women's singles. They should be able to raise young people soon. So, they could have lots of flight hours and could enter more match levels. Meanwhile, the 16 countries that will compete in the Thomas 2020 Cup finals are Denmark, China, Indonesia, India, Japan, Malaysia, France, the Netherlands, Russia, England, Algeria, Canada, Australia, Taiwan, South Korea and Thailand. Indonesian lifters achieved 16 gold medals at the Asian Youth and Junior 2020 Weightlifting Championship in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, February 13-19. Indonesian team was represented by 8 lifters in the Youth and Junior Weightlifting Championship 2020. They obtained 16 gold medals and succeeded to grab 6 silver medals and one bronze. A total of 16 gold medals were presented each by Windy Cantika Aisah (three gold), Muhammad Faathir (six gold), Mohammad Yasin (one gold and two silver), Rahmat Erwin Abdullah (three gold), and Rizky Juniansyah (three gold) . The other lifters are Juliana Klarisa (55 kg) won three silver medals, Tsabitha Alfiah Ramadani (64 kg) with one silver, and one bronze medal from Putri Aulia Andriani (59 kg). Meanwhile, Minister of Youth and Sports, Zainudin Amali welcomed the arrival of young Indonesian lifters who bought up 16 gold medals at the Asian Youth and Youth Championships in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The Indonesian lifters arrived at Soekarno-Hatta Airport. In his remarks, Minister Zainudin requested that the athletes continue to try hard and focus on each championship. Moreover, some lifters are also currently collecting points to take part in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics.
Indonesia and Russia have entered a new phase in the 21st century. The 70th commemoration of diplomatic relations of both countries in 2020 has become a great moment towards strategic partnership. The countries have strong base relations as a foundation of cooperation in many fields. This becomes a topic of the seminar “Going through strategic partnership between Indonesia and Russia: Challenges and Opportunities “held at Indonesian Embassy Moscow, Moscow State of International Relations MGIMO University on Tuesday (18/2). Key note speakers of the seminar were Russian Prime Minister 2004-2007 who is also as Director of Russian Strategic Analysis Institute, Mikhail Fradkov,supported by MGIMO University and ASEAN Centre, which was part of 70th commemoration of diplomatic relations between Indonesian and Russia. This was also attended Indonesian Ambassador to Russia and Belarus, M. Wahid Supriyadi, MGIMO University Chancellor, Anatoly Torkunov, and Director of the ASEAN Centre at MGIMO University, Victor Sumsky, as well as the diplomatic corps, representatives of relevant ministries, experts and academics in international relations and Russian politicians, business people, students, observers and lovers of Indonesia in Russia. Ambassador Wahid Supriyadi noted that the closeness of personal ties and mutual understanding of the leaders of the two countries becomes central of success of relations and cooperation.
Fifteen delegates of Socialization Agency of Indonesian People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) held a meeting with President of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, Cardinal Miguel Ángel Ayuso Guixot. The meeting was attended by Indonesian Ambassador to Vatican, Antonius Agus Sriyono in Vatican. Information and Social Culture staff of Indonesian Embassy in Vatican City, Muhammad Ferdien told Antara on Wednesday (19/2) that the delegations of the Indonesian People's Consultative Assembly was led by Deputy Chairman of the Indonesian People's Consultative Assembly, Taufik Basari, while Cardinal Ayuso was accompanied by one of the Pontifical Council officials for Indonesian Interfaith Dialogue, Markus Solo. In his presentation, Chairperson of MPR Delegation conveyed that mandate and function of the Indonesian MPR is to maintain and preserve Pancasila as the basic of the Indonesia.
French VITO tourism promotion office in collaboration with Indonesian Embassy in Paris and Indonesian Consulate General in Marseille in a bid to increase French tourists to Indonesia carried out various promotional activities in February, including Indonesian Road-show. Head of Indonesia's tourism promotion office in Paris, VITO France, Eka Moncarré told Antara on Wednesday (19/2) that the Road-show was coincided with 70 years of diplomatic relations between Indonesia and France. Besides the road-show, tourism workshops will also be held in four French cities: Toulouse, Bordeaux, Paris and Lille, from 24th to 27th February. Eka Moncarré mentioned that VITO cooperated with various sectors in conducting promotions in France, such as airlines, hotels, travel partners, and Cruise companies. The fourth Indonesia 2020 workshop held by VITO France aims at creating a network between Indonesian tourism agents and travel agents in France.
A company engaged in technology, especially drone technology called Frogs, developed a drone-based flying taxi. Frogs are located in Yogyakarta, precisely in Bangunharjo, Sewon, Bantul. This taxi drone will be able to carry a maximum of two people with a load limit of 200 kg, and it is able to travel up to 100 km with only one battery charge, and to fly 2.400 meters high above sea level for approximately one hour. The flying taxi from Frogs will be exhibited by Hanover Messe on 20-24 April 2020 in Germany. Hanover Messe is the largest annual international exhibition event in the field of industrial technology. The event will be attended by more than 6,500 participants representing 73 countries, 225,000 international visitors from 91 countries, and generating approximately 5.6 million business contacts.
The Frogs team consists of experts experienced in the aircraft industry. Before starting the development of this taxi drone, the Frogs team had conducted research for almost two years and spent funds reaching Rp1 billion. By targeting the market share of air taxi services, the taxi drones will later be able to be used to transport cargo or goods, military needs, as well as various emergency interests, such as first aid to areas that are in need and difficult to access by land.
One of the advantages of this taxi drone is that users can get to their destination faster because through the air lane, so they can avoid traffic jams. This air taxi is also environmentally friendly and it is free pollution because the power used is electricity sourced from batteries, which can be refilled.
The penetration of Indonesian products through coconut shell charcoal recorded again an increase in export transactions by the signing of a trade contract between Indonesia and Egypt. Indonesian Embassy in Cairo stated in its official statement on Sunday (02/16/2020) that Indonesian Ambassador, Helmy Fauzy accompanied by Trade Attache of the Indonesian Embassy in Cairo, Irman Adi Purwanto Moefthi, signed a contract for first purchase of the product as many as two containers. The purchasing contract of coconut shell charcoal briquettes was to meet Egyptian traditional pipe fuel cigarettes / Shisha dan barbeque.
Eight national Small and Medium Industries (IKM) succeeded to record sale of 1.57 million US dollars at the Ambiente 2020 exhibition in Messe Frankfurt, Germany, on 8-12 February 2020. General Director of Small and Medium and variety Industries of Industry Ministry / Gati Wibawaningsih in Jakarta on Monday 918/2) explained that in this year's event / the buyers' interest was also quite high for Indonesian products of Small and Medium Industries. They also got about 102 trade contracts from 37 countries. Besides/ the IKM also recorded various orders and sales as the followed up of the exhibition.
Indonesia again presented the Indonesian Pavilion at the Holiday World of 2020 tourism exhibition in the Prague and focused on the promotion of 5 (five) super priority tourism destinations, namely Lake Toba (North West Sumatra), Borobudur (Central Java), Mandalika (West Nusa Tenggara), Labuan Bajo ( East Nusa Tenggara) and Likupang (North Sulawesi) (13-16 / 02/2020). The Holiday World is one of the biggest tourism exhibitions in Europe which was attended by hundreds of businesses people from various countries. Holiday World combines tourism exhibitions and culture, and business matching between tour operators from many countries. Indonesian Ambassador to the Czech Republic / Kenssy D. Ekaningsih explained that the opportunity needs to be utilized to attract not only tourists from the Czech Republic, but also foreigners who are in Czech Republic.
Indonesian Ambassador to Pakistan in Islamabad, Iwan Suyudhie Amri conducted a seminar on palm oil. The seminar was attended by 160 people from various professions. The seminar with the title 'Health, Nutritional Benefits, and Potential Profitability of Palm Oil' is hoped to be able to give information to the participants and to protect sustainable trade of palm oil. The seminar was held at Marriott Karachi Hotel on Saturday (15/2). Ambassador Iwan stated that palm oil has contributed significantly in Indonesian and Pakistani economy. For Indonesia, palm oil is one of the main export commodities and for Pakistan, it is one of the biggest contributions for food industrial growth.
An initial agreement of planting of United States of America’s new investment in Indonesia is ready to be signed in March when President Joko Widodo makes a visit to the United States of America. This was stated by Coordinating Minister for Maritime and Investment, Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan when being met by VOA in Washington DC on Thursday evening (13/2). Indonesian delegation which consisted of Coordinating Minister for Maritime and Investment, Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan, Trade Minister, Agus Suparmanto and Minister of Communication and Informatics, Johnny G. Plate, on Monday (10/2), held a meeting with the US delegation which was led by CEO International Development Finance Corporation (IDFC), Adam Boehler and some U.S. officials, including senior advisor of the White House, Jared Kushner. The meeting in Washington DC followed up a meeting with President Joko Widodo at the State Palace on January 10.
Indonesia keeps trying to open a wider access of Indonesia’s export market to New Zealand. Some of them are labor and agricultural product market. This stated by Director General of International Trade Negotiation, Iman Pambagyo in a statement on Friday (14/2/2020). He was Head of Indonesian Delegation when attending the 7th Senior Official's Meeting on Trade and Investment Framework Forum (SOMTIF) in Wellington, New Zealand. Meanwhile, New Zealand’s delegation was led by Principal Adviser, Trade and Economic Group, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Mark Trainor. On the SOMTIF, the Indonesian delegation fought for the access of Indonesian labor market in order to be able to enter New Zealand. In addition, the access for Indonesian tropical fruits, especially mangosteen, banana, pineapple, snake fruit (Salak) and mango products. Indonesia also requested New Zealand’s investors to invest in Indonesia in husbandry, tourism, high and vocational education, culture and creative economy. The cooperation which was offered in creative economy is like film and animation industry.
Indonesia takes an export opportunity for food and beverage products to Hungary by participating at Sirha Budapest 2020 on 4th – 6th February. The participation of Indonesia has successfully recorded potential transaction worth US$3.5 million dollars. The Indonesian participation is cooperation between Indonesian Trade Promotion Center Budapest and Indonesian Embassy in Budapest. Secretary General of Trade Ministry, Oke Nurwan as quoted by Antara on Wednesday explained that the participation of Indonesia at the foreign exhibition is a promotional strategy of trade which must be carried out by the attaché trade and Indonesian Trade Promotion Center to open export market opportunity. Oke Nurwan also stated that the effort is done to supply some raw materials of industry for food and beverage to the market of Hungary and central and east Europe. Therefore, the participation in the exhibition needs to be utilized optimally to obtain actual or potential buyers to increase food and beverage export of Indonesia. Sirha Budapest 2020 is an international exhibition and it is prestigious in Hungary for central and east Europe.
Indonesia has distinctionfor British people, particularly in the field of educational sector. It is assumed from the high interest for British academicians to explore educational partnership with Indonesia. This was stated at The Anglo-Indonesian Society meeting with the theme ‘Higher Education: Indonesian and UK Relationship’, which was held at Indonesian Embassy in London. Indonesian Ambassador to England, Rizal Sukma at Press statement on Wednesday said that higher education has become an important sector at the bilateral cooperation between Indonesia and England. He further stated that this time is an appropriate moment to boost partnership in the field of education with England. Firstly, because Indonesia needs to prioritize the development of human resources. Secondly, England which has high reputation in educational sector is enthusiastically exploring its international network. For Indonesian university students, the UK is able to provide luxurious study environment, particularly giving practical skills needed at the available employment. Meanwhile, for the British university students, studying in Indonesia gives special attraction because Indonesian is rich with cultural diversities. The Anglo-Indonesian Society is the association based in the UK which aims at strengthening partnership and understanding between the UK and Indonesia.
Indonesia promoted 5 super priority destinations nemaly lake Toba in North Sumatra, Borobudur in Central Java, Mandalika in West Nusa Tenggara, Labuan Bajo in East Nusa Tenggara and Likupang in North Sulawesi at tourism exhibition of Borsa Internazionale del Turismo 2020 held in Fieramilanocity, Milan for 3 days from 9 – 11 February.Consul of Information and Social Culture of Indonesian Embassy in Rome, Danang Waskito to Antara on Wednesday explained that to reach Italian market and global market, there were 11 Indonesian tourism industries which consists of 6 tourism travel agents or traveling operators, 2 destination companies and 3 hotels or resorts from 4 provinces namely West Papua, Bali, and East Nusa Tenggara and Jakarta participating in the exhibition. Indonesian pavilliun performed tourism destination beauty in Jakarta, Bali, East Nusa Tenggara, Central Kalimantan, and South Sulawesi. Meanwhile, Jakarta and Bali until now become one of main tourism destinations in Italy.
Faculty of Engineering of Jenderal Soedirman University cooperates with Japan International Cooperation Agency to conduct a research related to mitigation of landslide disaster. Lecturer of Geology Disaster Mitigation of Jenderal Soedirman University, Dr. Indra Permanajati in Purwokerto, Central Java on Thursday said that the cooperation includes mutual research related to landslide mitigation in Banyumas, Purbalingga, Cilacap, Banjarnegara and Kebumen. He also said that the research on risk reduction or landslide mitigation in the regions is much needed.
President of Singapore, Halimah Yacob conducted an interactive dialogue with students of Gadjah Mada University of Yogyakarta on the sidelines her state’s visit to Indonesia. In the dialogue, she encouraged the students and academic community of the university to boost cooperation between Indonesia and Singapore. President Halimah viewed that the students as candidates of national leaders need to strengthen good cooperation and relations between the two countries in handling global challenges. According to President Halimah, the world is now facing global problems such as climate change, unstable economic condition, health and terrorism. She hoped the students in the future are able to enhance cooperation with Singapore to solve the problems.
Ambassador of Switzerland to Indonesia, Timor Leste and ASEAN, Kurt Kunz gave a public lecture at Sumatera Utara University in Medan, North Sumatera with the theme “Political and Economic System of Switzerland”, on Wednesday (5/2). Before giving THE public lecture, Ambassador Kurt Kunz met Rector of the university, Prof. Runtung Sitepu and Prof. Fidel Ganis to discuss cooperation between the colleges in North Sumatera, especially Sumatera Utara University and Switzerland. Vice Rector 2 of the university, Prof . M Fidel Ganis Siregar said that the ambassador’s visit made proud to the university because the university has been chosen as college to cooperate with. The cooperation includes exchange students and lecturers of Sumatera Utara University to Switzerland and vice versa from Switzerland to North Sumatera.
Airlangga University Surabaya and Kobe University, Japan, invent a detection tool of a corona virus novel reagent (2019-nCov). Rector of Airlangga University, Prof. Mohammad Nasih said that the detection tool is able to identify patients suspected of contracting the virus from Wuhan City, China. The problem of the availability of the detection devices in Indonesia has become a public concern.
Besides Airlangga University, Prof. Mohammad Nasih further said that the reagent is also owned by the Center for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Technology in Health, Balitbangkes. The public can use the tool to confirm the presence or absence of the virus. The identification is not long; it only takes few hours, but the mechanism is in accordance with the standard of the World Health Organization (WHO). With specific identification, Prof. Nasih hopes that in the future it can produce research on the handling and prevention of this virus.
The accuracy of this tool reaches 99 percent. Prof. Nasih acknowledged that Airlangga University's ability to invent this reagent could not be separated from Kobe University's access and relations in Germany in accessing corona virus data and gene from virus banks. So, if there is an examination of phlegm, indeed the results are the same as positive parameters, special handling will be done.